Africa's external, tax revenues triple to $152.2b in 2011 ? AfDB ...

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Page last updated at Monday, May 28, 2012 15:15 PM //

Africa?s external finances recovered to pre-crisis levels with foreign investment, official development assistance and remittances estimated at $152.2 billion in 2011, according to the African Development Bank (AfDB).

According to a report released today, May 28, 2012 as the AfDB begins its annual general meeting in Arusha, Tanzania, ?external and tax revenue resources available for development in Africa have trebled over the past decade and have never been so high.?

The African Economic Outlook 2012, co-written by the AfDB, the OECD Development Centre, the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa and the UN Development Programme, says ?as a share of Africa?s gross domestic product, external flows doubled from 6.8% in 2000 to 12.3% in 2006, but were still down at an estimated 8.2% in 2011.?

It says foreign direct investment (FDI) and official development assistance (ODA) remain the key sources of finance, but urged African governments and their partners to increasingly look at remittances and tax revenues.

The appetite of emerging economies for natural resources and a boom in international commodity prices underpinned an increase in resource investment in Africa, it said, adding that sustained growth of over 5% and improved macroeconomic indicators ?lower inflation, sustainable debt levels? attracted international and, increasingly, national investors.

The report noted that foreign investment remains the largest external financial flow to Africa and has great potential for stimulating long-term growth and employment, while acknowledging that the increase in investment in recent decades did not produce more inclusive growth or sufficient jobs as most of the finance went on the hunt for resources.

?Africa needs to attract more productive FDI to diversify its economy and benefit from technology transfers and spill over effects,? it recommended.

The report said ODA increased in 2011, but at a slower pace than previous years, indicating that the sovereign debt crisis and austerity measures in OECD countries dampened prospects for a significant increase in future assistance.

?This particularly threatens the functioning of the state for nearly half of African countries where ODA is still the largest external finance,? it said.

Remittances to Africa peaked in 2011 and are projected to continue to increase strongly in 2012, the report said. It indicated that the importance of remittances varies across countries and regions.

?They play a significant role in smoothing consumption and hence contribute to poverty reduction and improving social conditions. Additionally, they can provide capital to small and microenterprises, aiding job creation,? the report said.

It said collected taxes in Africa increased from an unweighted average of 18.1% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2000 to 19.9% in 2009.
However, it noted, this increase was mainly driven by resource-related taxes in oil-exporting countries as oil prices surged after 2007.

It called on African countries to improve the quality of their tax systems by deepening their tax bases.

?Tax revenues complement external financial flows by helping states to provide quality public services and pursue economic policies that are conducive to raising growth and attracting finances from abroad,? the report said.

By Emmanuel K. Dogbevi

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The Regulation of Motherhood: Good mothers, bad mothers - IFLS

Lots in the media lately about motherhood, following publication of Elisabeth Badinter?s The Conflict: How Modern Motherhood undermines the Status of Women(publisher?s blurb:

In the pathbreaking tradition of Backlash and The Time Bind, The Conflict, a #1 European bestseller, identifies a surprising setback to women?s freedom: progressive modern motherhood.? Elisabeth Badinter has for decades been in the vanguard of the European fight for women?s equality. Now, in an explosive new book, she points her finger at a most unlikely force undermining the status of women: liberal motherhood, in thrall to all that is ?natural.? Attachment parenting, co-sleeping, baby-wearing, and especially breast-feeding?these hallmarks of contemporary motherhood have succeeded in tethering women to the home and family to an extent not seen since the 1950s. Badinter argues that the taboos now surrounding epidurals, formula, disposable diapers, cribs?and anything that distracts a mother?s attention from her offspring?have turned childrearing into a singularly regressive force.?? In sharp, engaging prose, Badinter names a reactionary shift that is intensely felt but has not been clearly articulated until now, a shift that America has pioneered. She reserves special ire for the orthodoxy of the La Leche League?an offshoot of conservative Evangelicalism?showing how on-demand breastfeeding, with all its limitations, curtails women?s choices. Moreover, the pressure to provide children with 24/7 availability and empathy has produced a generation of overwhelmed and guilt-laden mothers?one cause of the West?s alarming decline in birthrate.?)

Some of the media reaction just feels like baiting (Time magazine?s Are you mom enough cover, for instance).? What, had the so called mommy wars died down so much that the media was compelled to light a match? The New York Times put the issue on its Room for debate page under the headline ?Motherhood vs. Feminism?, with gems like ??the present feminist climate pressures women to work,?

After reading that, I became convinced that the whole ?issue? is a desperate attempt to distract feminists from something really important that?s happening.? Like, say, inequality,? wage stagnation, lack of good jobs, and the persistent failure to close the wage gap.? Or maybe they were worried all the focus on inequality was edging dangerously close to thinking about class and race seriously, so they had to put us back into more familiar territory.

Anyway, I?m too busy to read these kinds of so called debates, seriously, I have kids!? The endless capacity to judge harshly is particularly devastating in these kinds of contexts, though.? These people need to read some Joan Williams (her book, Unbending Gender: Why Family and Work Conflict and what to do about it? and great article available on SSRN (open to all) Implementing Anti-Essentialism: How Gender Wars turn into Race and Class conflict).? Who else should we be reading on this?? There is a NYT oped which makes a similar point (focus on the conditions of work, not motherhood, will produce a very different set of ideas).

Anyway, along the same lines the NYT Mag did publish an amazing and terrible story,The Criminalization of Bad Mothers, it?s definitely recommended reading.

Personhood advocates regard fetal rights as a civil rights issue, and they often compare themselves to abolitionists. ?I think it would be unequal protection to give the woman a pass when anyone else who injects drugs into a child would be prosecuted,? Ben DuPr?, director of Personhood Alabama, said. ?What it boils down to is, aren?t these little children persons??

And to cap off, this morning, Joanna Birenbaum of LEAF sent me a link to this article, Bei-Bei Shuai released from Jail and the Politics of Motherhood (Slate) which details another kind of tragedy in Indiana.

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Television screen Doors , A Great Improvement For Any Family home

When it comes to decorating a home, computer screen doors are certainly important too. Not only that, but it is also really easy to fix them all on your own if the have to have comes up. It really is great to open up the gates on a wonderful, hot afternoon and just permit air flow in the house. The item saves bucks and provides an attractive level of comfort.

There are plenty of solutions when you start shopping for screens. They?re typically known for not hunting all that wonderful, but there are several options available that there should be no excuse to brighten your entire household in style not simply everything yet the door.

One of many options by using screen doors is a rolltop screen method. When the doors are not active they will withdrawl. Of course, this may be a combination house. It will save you the moment, money, plus space and check absolutely magnificent too.

In terms of repairing tv screen doors you?ll save money and even do it yourself. Privacy screens often destroy or damage and it can grow to be costly choosing someone else to acheive it. Just keep in mind that it is an a few man position before you get in order to trying to get rid of it. You will need spline, a toned screwdriver, and and you to definitely hold the television screen cloth so that you could use the even end to have the spline and filter cloth interior of your of the notches.

Now, at all like me sure you actually know-there are many various types of screen entrances. There is the real wood screen doorway that are often called Granny Panels. These exterior doors are made from wood and typically usually are absolutely delightful. If you are looking for the high class seeking traditional display door next the is exactly the same exact type you may need. These entrance doors are old-fashioned and can certainly be a bit of an anguish to redesign but they may be updated using modern filter frames that makes upkeep much more easier. Hence there is splendor, class, and ease with regards to a display door.

You will find French front door screens to your back entrance. These now have your usual patio house screens which are adjusted for French doorways. These monitors can be adjusted at home or you may go to the display shop to check out how they can allow you to if you are all thumbs. Please keep in mind when the installation of French doors that the manage is one of the most crucial parts and require to be able to not even interfere with front door usage.

For anybody who is like most for America and possess the typical tornado door you will discover numerous of ways to regulate them after some time. We all know exactly how eventually you are unable to even you want to keep door start after a while. There is a metal cut that is on the closer pole and that is virtually the problem. Purchase a replacement video and change it. That should be an awesome fix so as to use your television screen doors for all of their needed uses.

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A 'Military Vote' That Doesn't Really Exist

Myth 1: President Obama will win the military vote because Osama bin Laden was killed under his command.

Myth 2: Mitt Romney will win the military vote because he wants to build up the armed forces to be ?so strong no one would ever think to challenge [them].??

Truth: There is no military vote.

Veterans and active-military members vote as voters. When it comes to picking a president, they care about jobs, health insurance, and other kitchen-table issues ? just like everyone else.

Consider that veterans narrowly favored Bill Clinton, who some called a draft dodger, over World War II hero George H.W. Bush in 1992, while Bush?s son won the military vote in 2004 by 16 percentage points against decorated Vietnam veteran John Kerry. Republican John McCain, who survived captivity in Vietnam, won the military vote in 2008, but only by 10 percentage points.

?There?s this idea that veterans have a shared outlook and interests, but voting behavior is usually explained by other factors, like party affiliation, ideology and religion,?? said Benjamin Bishin, an associate professor at the University of California-Riverside, who studied exit poll results from more than 20 elections between 1992 and 2002.

The absence of a cohesive military vote, however, won?t stop the presidential candidates from courting veterans and their families.?On Monday, Romney will commemorate Memorial Day with McCain at the Veterans Museum & Memorial Center in San Diego, while the president will mark the holiday at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C.

Military voters made up 15 percent of the electorate in 2008, according to exit polls, and in a close race, even a sliver of advantage with one constituency can make the difference. Veterans could be especially influential in toss-up states like Florida, Virginia and North Carolina.

Obama is airing a television ad in those states and four other battlegrounds that references the killing of bin Laden and says ?we have a sacred trust?? to take care of soldiers when they come home. ?It?s not enough just to make as speech about how much we value veterans. It?s not enough just to remember them on Memorial Day,?? Obama says in the television spot. First Lady Michelle Obama?s pet project is outreach to military families.

?If the economy was more robust, Obama would be doing better among veterans,?? said Democratic strategist Craig Varoga, who advised Kerry and retired Gen. Wesley Clark when he ran in the 2004 Democratic primary. ?It?s a group that will be challenging for him to win, but I think he has a record he should not shy from.??

Romney has sought to appeal to military hawks by criticizing the administration?s foreign policy in Iran, withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan, and proposed defense spending cuts. A recent Wall Street Journal/NBC poll shows Romney leading Obama by 8 percentage points among military voters.

?We have the potential to pick up more votes from veterans on the economy than on national security,?? said Washington lobbyist Charlie Black, a Romney adviser who worked on the McCain campaign. ?They don't necessarily vote as veterans.??

It?s unclear how much traction either candidate will get ? Obama, whose national security record is undercut by high unemployment among veterans, or Romney, whose message of unbridled defense spending clashes with overwhelming support to shrink the military and pull back from foreign conflicts. Americans favor even deeper cuts to defense spending than currently proposed, according to a poll released this month by the Center for Public integrity, the Program for Public Consultation (PPC) and the Stimson Center, wanting a roughly one-quarter cutback of nuclear arms and ground forces.

Military families, meanwhile, are far more focused on their pocketbooks, according to a November 2011 survey by Blue Star Families, a support organization. Skewing heavily toward women (85 percent) aged 25-44 (60 percent), and caring for minor children (64 percent), more than half of the respondents indicated their top concerns were retirement and benefits, or pay and benefits for those current serving.

The military community does not behave as a voting bloc on many issues. Older veterans ? especially senior-ranking commanders ? were much more opposed than younger and active-duty troops to last year?s repeal of ?don?t ask, don?t tell,? the law barring openly gay Americans from military service. Even within the services there was a divide -- combat Marines were less likely to support the repeal than Naval officers, for example.

Republicans have long been viewed as stronger on national security issues, dating back to the Democratic Party?s embrace of the Vietnam War protests. The Sept. 11 terrorist attacks on President Bush?s watch in 2001, which launched the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, reinforced the GOP?s advantage.

But in 2012, it?s domestic issues like health-care fees ? more than party alignment or rhetoric about America?s role as a global leader ? that are driving some military members? voting, said retired Air Force Col. Mike Hayden, deputy director of government relations for Military Officers Association of America, an advocacy group of active and retired officers.

While conventional wisdom holds that military members historically break Republican, Hayden argued, ?I don?t know if that?s the case any more.?

Military voters, he claimed, more recently have tended to bend toward whichever party they feel is doing the better job of ?keeping the faith? with the troops ? possibly the year?s most repeated phase by lawmakers and senior defense officials.

Currently, both parties are getting high marks for looking out for military families. The White House has made veteran employment a high-profile mission. Congress, meanwhile, rejected many of the Pentagon?s cost-saving and revenue-generating proposals that lawmakers feared would hurt military families. House and Senate authorization bills passed in the last two weeks omitted the Pentagon?s request to increase fees for Tricare, the military?s health plan. Defense department officials argued the raise was overdue since Tricare had not increased fees since 1995. Defense Secretary Robert Gates, the most popular civilian defense leader of the last decade, tried to sell the idea as a practical way to offset spending cuts. The Pentagon also considered charging enrollment fees and raising deductibles for working veterans.

The plan never made it past the Armed Services committees, reflecting election-year worries about military families in both parties.

Republican Ron Paul, the Texas congressman who is no longer actively campaigning for president, has boasted that his call for the U.S. to withdraw from all military conflicts has garnered significant support. In a Memorial Day message to his supporters, he said, "As you take a moment during this Memorial Day weekend to think about the brave soldiers who for hundreds of years have died to protect your unalienable rights, please pause to ask yourself, 'To what end?'?

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Museum President Sat on ?Risk Committee? at JPMorgan Chase

It turns out that JPMorgan Chase had a risk oversight committee on its board of directors. There were individual risk managers at the various offices as well, but this board was designed to provide oversight for the entire operation. Or, if you prefer, it was designed to pretend to show that JPMorgan Chase cared about risk oversight. That?s clear from who they put on the board:

The three directors who oversee risk at JPMorgan Chase & Co. (JPM) include a museum head who sat on American International Group Inc.?s governance committee in 2008, the grandson of a billionaire and the chief executive officer of a company that makes flight controls and work boots.

What the risk committee of the biggest U.S. lender lacks, and what the five next largest competitors have, are directors who worked at a bank or as financial risk managers. The only member with any Wall Street experience, James Crown, hasn?t been employed in the industry for more than 25 years.

Somehow, I don?t think that being President of the American Museum of Natural History in New York, while being a nice job and all, qualifies you to oversee risk at a megabank.

The fact that all of the other big banks at least have someone with knowledge of the industry on their risk committees shows how JPMorgan Chase really didn?t take it seriously. They had wonder boy Jamie Dimon, and they knew how to be careful with their risk. And then the Fail Whale trades came.

Of course, it?s not like the risk oversight committee that is the House Committee on Financial Services in Congress does much of a better job. The banking industry is lousy with Potemkin villages when it comes to oversight and regulation.

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Journalism scrapped from top Iranian university

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Arizona health care - HEALTH, BEAUTY & FITNESS

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Jenna Jameson arrested for suspected DUI in Calif.

FILE - In this Oct. 13, 2010 file photo Jenna Jameson poses at a in Los Angeles. The former porn star Jameson has been arrested in Orange County for investigation of driving under the influence after she struck a light pole with her vehicle. (AP Photo/Chris Pizzello,File)

FILE - In this Oct. 13, 2010 file photo Jenna Jameson poses at a in Los Angeles. The former porn star Jameson has been arrested in Orange County for investigation of driving under the influence after she struck a light pole with her vehicle. (AP Photo/Chris Pizzello,File)

WESTMINSTER, Calif. (AP) ? Former adult film star Jenna Jameson has been arrested in Southern California for investigation of driving under the influence after she struck a light pole with her vehicle.

Police say Jameson had driven her vehicle into a light pole early Friday in Westminster. She suffered minor injuries but refused medical treatment.

A police statement says a field sobriety test was conduct and there were signs of intoxication. Jameson was booked and later cited and released.

A statement issued by her website says Jameson is home and well but has no immediate comment.

Jameson crossed into the mainstream after publishing a popular autobiography in 2004. She has twin sons with mixed martial arts star Tito Ortiz, who two years ago claimed Jameson was addicted to the painkiller Oxycontin.

Associated Press

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Whether you're keeping track of must-read stories using Pocket, browsing hilarious videos on Squrl, hunting down amazing photography on National Geographic, or keeping up with the election season with NBC Politics, msnbc.com's Rosa Golijan has the apps for you.

Want more tech news, silly puns, or amusing links? You'll get plenty of all three if you keep up with Rosa Golijan, the writer of this post, by following her on?Twitter, subscribing to her?Facebook?posts, or circling her?on?Google+.

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Have Your Own Foot Pampering Session at ... - Health and Fitness

Whoever declared that you need to pay hundreds of bucks equitable to get yourself pampered does not perceive a thing about resourcefulness. Take caring for the feet for pattern. Whenever foot care is mentioned, tribe immediately think about dear foot massages and spas. Unfortunately, not all of us hold the money to enjoy this each now and then. This is not the end for the financially challenged, howsoever, because there are cheaper ways in what one. we can take care of our feet.

At the time we talk about skin care for this piece of the body, one of the things that closely jump to us is the need for foot scrubs. Equitable like other parts of our material substance, our feet accumulate dead hide cells that need to be exfoliated each now and then. However, we don?t actually necessity to go to a chic salon to have this performed. You can have your very lower extremity spa and scrub at home by following the single steps below.

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After soaking, lay upon the exfoliating foot cream on your feet and scour it by using small circles. If you hold calluses or stubborn dry spots, use the loofah to displace the dry skin. Be careful when scrubbing or you power end up with red achy skin. Subsequent to you?ve made sure that you hold scrubbed properly, wash your feet using new irrigate and pat it dry with a soft towel. Remember to pat the irrigate away gently because your hide is still sensitive and rubbing can origin it to redden. If you can keep a little dampness on your skin intact, the more good. After semi-drying your hide, apply the moisturizer to seal in the dampness. Moisturizing is very important for it will prevent your hide from drying and will likewise keep it smooth and supple.

Sign A. Robbins is a freelance writer who writes for an free product testing company. He has been chirography product reviews for almost a decade now. His greatest in quantity favorite products of all are foot choice part products.

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God's Away on Buisness

In a post apocalyptic world a handful of survivors struggle to make it to the next day while caring for possibly the most important thing in the world.

Owner:

Game Masters:

This topic is an Out Of Character part of the roleplay, ?God's Away on Business?. Anything posted here will also show up there.

Topic Tags:

Forum for completely Out of Character (OOC) discussion, based around whatever is happening In Character (IC). Discuss plans, storylines, and events; Recruit for your roleplaying game, or find a GM for your playergroup.

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I'll have a character up by tomorrow for those of you interested in some guidance, otherwise it's fairly cut and dry. Have at it =).

pseudoimagination

Member for 0 years

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This sounds fun :D

Is there a rule where you can only have one character. I'm deciding on whether or not I should make two.

Sometimes I can't help but wonder why I do what I do, until I realize that what I do makes me who I am, and I like who I am. When I make a mistake, it only makes me better. All those right choices I make aren't remembered, not even by me. But the stupid, silly, down-right insane things I do will never leave my mind and I kinda like that.

-Me:)

gezzygezzy

Member for 1 years

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I'll have a character up at some point.

Word of Questionable Wisdom: Life's a bitch. Backhand it.

Cypher

Member for 2 years

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Social Studies Teacher Tells Student He Can Be Arrested for Slandering President Obama

Hunter Rogers was sitting in his high school social studies class when his teacher began talking about Mitt Romney being a bully when he was in high school. Even though that story has been discredited, the teacher wanted to engage the students in a dialogue about it. Hunter asked if Barack Obama had ever bullied anyone (by his own admission, the president once pushed a girl).

The teacher responded that she didn?t know, and somehow ended up on a tirade about how wrong it is to slander the president by asking him the same questions you might ask Mitt Romney. She went so far as to tell Hunter and his classmates that you can be arrested for slandering the president.

Hunter got the whole exchange on tape.

The North Carolina teen had asked a classmate to record the exchange so that he could prove to his parents that this particular teacher was not teaching, but bullying kids to adopt her own political point of view. This was not a teaching moment. She told the students that they could be arrested for openly disagreeing with the president. Last I checked, this America, not Soviet Russia, and the First Amendment contains an explicit protection of free speech.

This teacher is either lying to her students, or if she actually believes what she said, too incompetent to be a teacher. The school has since suspended her with pay. No word on whether she will be reinstated, educated further on the subject she is supposed to be teaching, or if she?ll remain on the payroll indefinitely without even pretending to work.

Teachers that engage students in political discussions need to be open to letting kids explore their own ideologies and develop their own beliefs. They should not be biased, but factual. The kids they are teaching are students, not subjects to be verbally beaten into political submission.

Talking over kids trying to raise valid questions about candidates teaches them that political discourse is really a monologue. America is a place where everyone is free to voice his or her own opinion, regardless of who agrees or disagrees with it. You?d think a social studies teacher would know that.

?

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The deal with Southwest (Offthekuff)

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Cedars-Sinai physician definitively links irritable bowel syndrome and bacteria in gut

Public release date: 24-May-2012
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Contact: Nicole White
nicole.white@cshs.org
310-423-5215
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center

Findings reinforce results of previous Cedars-Sinai clinical trials showing antibiotics are an effective treatment for IBS

LOS ANGELES (May 25, 2012) An overgrowth of bacteria in the gut has been definitively linked to Irritable Bowel Syndrome in the results of a new Cedars-Sinai study which used cultures from the small intestine. This is the first study to use this "gold standard" method of connecting bacteria to the cause of the disease that affects an estimated 30 million people in the United States.

Previous studies have indicated that bacteria play a role in the disease, including breath tests detecting methane a byproduct of bacterial fermentation in the gut. This study was the first to make the link using bacterial cultures.

The study, in the current issue of Digestive Diseases and Sciences, examined samples of patients' small bowel cultures to confirm the presence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth or SIBO in more than 320 subjects. In patients with IBS, more than a third also were diagnosed with small intestine bacterial overgrowth, compared to fewer than 10 percent of those without the disorder. Of those with diarrhea-predominant IBS, 60 percent also had bacterial overgrowth.

"While we found compelling evidence in the past that bacterial overgrowth is a contributing cause of IBS, making this link through bacterial cultures is the gold standard of diagnosis," said Mark Pimentel, MD, director of the Cedars-Sinai GI Motility Program and an author of the study. "This clear evidence of the role bacteria play in the disease underscores our clinical trial findings, which show that antibiotics are a successful treatment for IBS."

IBS is the most common gastrointestinal disorder in the U.S., affecting an estimated 30 million people. Patients with this condition suffer symptoms that can include painful bloating, constipation, diarrhea or an alternating pattern of both. Many patients try to avoid social interactions because they are embarrassed by their symptoms. Pimentel has led clinical trials that have shown rifaximin, a targeted antibiotic absorbed only in the gut, is an effective treatment for patients with IBS.

"In the past, treatments for IBS have always focused on trying to alleviate the symptoms," said Pimentel, who first bucked standard medical thought more than a decade ago when he suggested bacteria played a significant role in the disease. "Patients who take rifaximin experience relief of their symptoms even after they stop taking the medication. This new study confirms what our findings with the antibiotic and our previous studies always led us to believe: Bacteria are key contributors to the cause of IBS."

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The study is a collaboration with researchers at Sismanogleion General Hospital in Athens, Greece, and at the University of Athens.

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Public release date: 24-May-2012
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Nicole White
nicole.white@cshs.org
310-423-5215
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center

Findings reinforce results of previous Cedars-Sinai clinical trials showing antibiotics are an effective treatment for IBS

LOS ANGELES (May 25, 2012) An overgrowth of bacteria in the gut has been definitively linked to Irritable Bowel Syndrome in the results of a new Cedars-Sinai study which used cultures from the small intestine. This is the first study to use this "gold standard" method of connecting bacteria to the cause of the disease that affects an estimated 30 million people in the United States.

Previous studies have indicated that bacteria play a role in the disease, including breath tests detecting methane a byproduct of bacterial fermentation in the gut. This study was the first to make the link using bacterial cultures.

The study, in the current issue of Digestive Diseases and Sciences, examined samples of patients' small bowel cultures to confirm the presence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth or SIBO in more than 320 subjects. In patients with IBS, more than a third also were diagnosed with small intestine bacterial overgrowth, compared to fewer than 10 percent of those without the disorder. Of those with diarrhea-predominant IBS, 60 percent also had bacterial overgrowth.

"While we found compelling evidence in the past that bacterial overgrowth is a contributing cause of IBS, making this link through bacterial cultures is the gold standard of diagnosis," said Mark Pimentel, MD, director of the Cedars-Sinai GI Motility Program and an author of the study. "This clear evidence of the role bacteria play in the disease underscores our clinical trial findings, which show that antibiotics are a successful treatment for IBS."

IBS is the most common gastrointestinal disorder in the U.S., affecting an estimated 30 million people. Patients with this condition suffer symptoms that can include painful bloating, constipation, diarrhea or an alternating pattern of both. Many patients try to avoid social interactions because they are embarrassed by their symptoms. Pimentel has led clinical trials that have shown rifaximin, a targeted antibiotic absorbed only in the gut, is an effective treatment for patients with IBS.

"In the past, treatments for IBS have always focused on trying to alleviate the symptoms," said Pimentel, who first bucked standard medical thought more than a decade ago when he suggested bacteria played a significant role in the disease. "Patients who take rifaximin experience relief of their symptoms even after they stop taking the medication. This new study confirms what our findings with the antibiotic and our previous studies always led us to believe: Bacteria are key contributors to the cause of IBS."

###

The study is a collaboration with researchers at Sismanogleion General Hospital in Athens, Greece, and at the University of Athens.

---

[ | E-mail | Share ]

?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

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How Stephen Hawking Inspired Battleship

Peter Berg has heard your criticism of his concept for Battleship, out May 18. "There was a certain inherent skepticism when people heard that Battleship had aliens in it," Berg says. "I was happy to say that my inspiration was Stephen Hawking. You can check my math."

It all started with Hawking's television show Into The Universe and its episode on Goldilocks planets, which are just the right distance from a star to potentially support life. Hawking described a scenario where Earth's scientists reach out to those planets with signals inviting any life on that world to come visit us. "He said that this was a horrible idea," Berg says. "If there would be any chance of an alien encounter, we should try and avoid that at all costs. The chances of it going well are virtually nonexistent."

That's exactly the setup in Battleship, which opens in a fictional 2005 with NASA scientists discovering and subsequently sending such a signal to a Goldilocks planet, Planet G. Fast-forward to the present day: The aliens have gotten our message and sent five ships, which land in the ocean off Hawaii, where the US Navy and other naval forces from around the world are taking part in RIMPAC. "The aliens don't come as a conquering force," Berg says. "They come as a recon group that has utilized every bit of technology they have to come and see who sent the signal and to explore the planet." While the aliens' aim on Earth isn't explicitly stated, Berg says that their goal is "resource allocation, if they decide they like what's here." A miscommunication leads to all-out warfare between the aliens' ships and our destroyers.

Berg worked with advisors from the National Academy's Science and Entertainment Exchange to further develop his alien visitation idea. One of those scientists was Seth Shostak, senior astronomer at the SETI Institute, who met with Berg to talk about what might make the aliens want to come to Earth and pick a fight. "I don't think there's anything actually in terms of natural resources," Shostak says, "because they've got all that where they are, and the shipping costs are so large... Aliens don't really need to come here and take on the US Navy if all they want is bottled water."

So what reasons did Shostak and his colleagues give that could spur aliens to visit? If they could come this far, then they'd already have all of our scientific knowledge and more. "The only thing that we have that's special is our culture," he says. The aliens might also be interested in what we'll become, Shostak says. "It may be that they have experience with biological intelligence springing up on planets that eventually becomes a competitor or a threat, so they just routinely go around and wipe it out. If they saw us as a potential threat, they might have a policy to say, 'These guys might make self-replicating machines, they'll chew up our universe, so let's not let them do that.'"

And while NASA hasn't found any truly Earth-like planets yet, Battleship's basic premise isn't unreasonable: The Kepler telescope has already found some planets within the habitable zone. "One of the more famous ones is Kepler-22b," Shostak says. "It's unlikely to be very much like Earth, but it might have liquid water on the surface. We haven't found a cousin or twin of Earth, but that will probably happen within a year or two."

As for Hawking's concerns about sending messages into space, Shostak says it's too late?we're already broadcasting. "NASA did broadcast a message into space a couple of years ago, to Polaris," he says. "They sent a Beatles song." And any civilization capable of coming here to wipe out humanity would be able to pick up the proof of our existence: our radar, television signals, FM radio, and even the lights of our cities. "If you're going to worry about this, you have to stop all that broadcasting, and it means turning off the radar at JFK, and all the lights in New York City. And not just for the week or for the month or the year, but for forever," Shostak says. "In other words, you've got to circumscribe human endeavors for the rest of the time we're on this planet. That seems a little bit paranoid to me. And it's also never going to happen."

If aliens had the right kind of antennas and telescopes, they could find out all kinds of information about us. "But if they're only at our level, they won't be able to pick up our signals," Shostak says. "And if they're only at our level, they're not going to come here and destroy the planet either, are they?"

In fact, the speed with which the aliens get here also causes some problems with the timeline of the story. "The nearest aliens are likely to be many hundreds or even a thousand light-years away," Shostak says. So breathe easy, Earthlings: We're going to be waiting a long time for aliens to come and sink our battleships.

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Ex-tabloid boss Brooks faces phone hacking charges

FILE This Friday, May 11, 2012 file photo shows Rebekah Brooks, former chief executive of News International and her husband Charlie Brooks leaving the High Court in London after giving evidence to the Leveson Inquiry. Brooks said Tuesday May 15, 2012 she and her husband will face charges over Britain's tabloid phone hacking scandal. Brooks, 43, said Tuesday in a statement that she will be prosecuted over allegations of obstruction of justice. (AP Photo/Sang Tan)

FILE This Friday, May 11, 2012 file photo shows Rebekah Brooks, former chief executive of News International and her husband Charlie Brooks leaving the High Court in London after giving evidence to the Leveson Inquiry. Brooks said Tuesday May 15, 2012 she and her husband will face charges over Britain's tabloid phone hacking scandal. Brooks, 43, said Tuesday in a statement that she will be prosecuted over allegations of obstruction of justice. (AP Photo/Sang Tan)

FILE This Friday, May 11, 2012 file photo shows Rebekah Brooks, former chief executive of News International leaves the High Court in London after giving evidence to the Leveson Inquiry. Brooks said Tuesday May 15, 2012 she and her husband will face charges over Britain's tabloid phone hacking scandal. Brooks, 43, said Tuesday in a statement that she will be prosecuted over allegations of obstruction of justice.(AP Photo/Sang Tan)

Former News of the World Editor Rebekah Brooks arrives at Lewisham police station, London where she charged over alleged attempts to conceal evidence of Britain's tabloid phone hacking scandal Tuesday May 15, 2012. The 43-year-old Brooks, who quit as News International chief executive in July, faces three separate allegations of conspiracy to pervert the course of justice _ an offense which carries a maximum sentence of life imprisonment. (AP Photo)

LONDON (AP) ? Former U.K. tabloid editor Rebekah Brooks, her husband and four close aides were charged Tuesday over alleged attempts to conceal evidence in Britain's phone hacking scandal ? the first prosecutions since police reopened inquiries 18 months ago into wrongdoing by the country's scandal-hungry press.

Brooks was one of Rupert Murdoch's most trusted lieutenants for years and a close friend of the current Conservative prime minister, David Cameron. The prospect that courts will hear potentially explosive accusations against her and her husband could rock both Murdoch's worldwide media empire and Cameron's political career.

Cameron is a neighbor, friend and occasional horse riding companion of both the ex-editor and her husband, whom he has known since high school.

Brooks, 43, faces three separate allegations of conspiracy to pervert the course of justice ? an offense that carries a maximum sentence of life imprisonment.

The law-breaking allegedly involved removing computers and files in the frantic days last summer when Murdoch shut down his tainted 168-year-old News of the World tabloid in an attempt to halt a tide of public disgust over the hacking furor.

Between July 6 and July 19 last year ? the period covered in the charges ? Brooks was struggling unsuccessfully to remain chief executive of News International, the British division of Murdoch's News Corp. Murdoch announced his decision to close the News of The World on July 7 and Brooks, facing tremendous pressure, quit her high-profile role on July 15.

Alison Levitt, the legal adviser to Britain's director of public prosecutions, said Brooks and the others are alleged to have concealed documents, computers and electronic equipment from police who were conducting inquiries into phone hacking and the alleged bribery of public officials.

With her former personal assistant Cheryl Carter, Brooks is also accused of removing seven boxes of materials from News International archives, Levitt said.

"All these matters relate to the ongoing police investigation into allegations of phone hacking and corruption of public officials in relation to the News of the World and The Sun newspapers," Levitt said.

Brooks and her husband rejected the charges. Standing side-by-side in front of their lawyers' office in London, Charlie Brooks slammed what he described as a "witch hunt" targeting his wife.

"I have no doubt that the lack of evidence against me will be borne out in court but I have grave doubts that my wife can ever get a fair trial, given the huge volume of biased commentary which she has been subjected to," the 49-year-old racehorse trainer said.

Rebekah, looking grave, said she was baffled and furious at the charges.

"I cannot express my anger enough that those close to me have unfairly been dragged into this," she said.

In testimony last week before Britain's media ethics inquiry, Brooks acknowledged her close links to Cameron and detailed how their families mingled at dinners and Christmas parties. She said she had traded text messages with Cameron at least once a week and that he had offered a message of support after she stepped down amid the hacking scandal.

Daithi Mac Sithigh, a legal expert at the University of East Anglia who has given evidence to the ethics inquiry, said the decision to prosecute Brooks could have far-reaching consequences.

"It is safe to say that the relationship between the press, the public and the law will not be the same again," he said.

Known for her striking red curls and storybook rise from a junior employee to chief executive at News International, Brooks also remains on police bail over separate allegations related to illegal eavesdropping, and will face more questions from detectives on that issue in the coming months.

Police said all six people charged Tuesday will appear for a hearing next month at a central London court.

Carter, 48, faces two charges of conspiracy to pervert the course of justice; so too does Charlie Brooks; the ex-head of security at News International Mark Hanna, 49; Brooks' ex-chauffeur Paul Edwards, 47; and Daryl Jorsling, 39, a member of the firm's security staff.

Henri Bradman, lawyer for Carter said in a statement that Brooks' former assistant "vigorously denies" involvement in any offense. Hanna said in a statement he believed he would be "totally exonerated."

Levitt confirmed that a seventh person, a 38-year-old man who was also a member of News International's security staff, would not face any charges.

The criminal charges are the first to be filed since police launched a new inquiry into phone hacking in January 2011. Previously, two people were jailed briefly in 2007 for hacking into the phones of members of the royal household, and investigators initially accepted the company's claims that malpractice was not widespread.

In other developments:

? Two more people were arrested in investigations into the alleged bribery of public officials by tabloid reporters seeking scoops. A 50-year-old man who works for Britain's Revenue and Customs department was detained on suspicion of misconduct in a public office. A 43-year-old woman was arrested over an allegation of assisting misconduct in a public office and money laundering offenses.

Detectives said both arrests were the result of information supplied by News Corp.'s management standards committee, which has turned over evidence of alleged wrongdoing.

? Brian Leveson, the judge leading Britain's media ethics inquiry, said News Corp. lobbyist Frederic Michel and Adam Smith, a former adviser to current Culture Secretary Jeremy Hunt, will give evidence later this month. Their appearances follow questions over Hunt's handling of a decision on whether News Corp. could be allowed to take full control of British Sky Broadcasting, a satellite broadcaster in which Murdoch's company already holds a 39-percent stake.

The ethics inquiry has previously published 163 emails sent by Michel that alleged either Hunt or his office had leaked sensitive information to Murdoch's company and had indicated their support of the News Corp. takeover.

Smith quit following the disclosures, while Hunt denies any wrongdoing. Murdoch dropped the takeover bid for BSkyB in mid-2011.

? Cameron faced questions on a separate front, after Leveson called for more information on security clearances held by communications directors to the British prime minister. That came amid concern over the status of Andy Coulson, an ex-News of The World editor who also previously served as Cameron's chief press aide.

Coulson wasn't initially subjected to developed vetting, the highest form of security clearance. Critics suspect that Cameron may have kept Coulson from more stringent vetting amid worries it could expose his involvement in phone hacking. Coulson has been arrested by police but has not been charged with any offense.

Cameron's office insists the decision was made amid efforts to reduce the number of aides with top security clearances.

Associated Press

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